A report commissioned by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and the CGIAR Initiative on One Health highlights the urgent need for innovative strategies to address food safety risks in the informal sector of developing countries.
The report, titled, "New Directions for Tackling Food Safety Risks in the Informal Sector of Developing Countries" sheds light on the dominant role of small-scale processors, grocers, market vendors, and foodservice operators in informal markets in more than 20 low- and lower-middle-income countries and emphasizes that a wholesale shift is needed to operationalize safer food in the informal sector.
Despite ongoing structural changes, the prevalence of small-scale food businesses remains prominent in the food systems of most developing countries. These informal players play a crucial role in the domestic markets for high-nutrient foods such as fish, meat, fruits, and vegetables.
Previous studies have shown widespread issues of food contamination within informal food distribution networks. Factors contributing to this problem include inadequate food safety awareness, poor hygiene practices, substandard food storage and preparation methods, and deficient infrastructure and environmental conditions.
However, very few countries have effective strategies in place to address food safety risks in the informal sector, and surveys have shown low levels of food safety adherence among workers in the sector.
Current approaches often focus on disrupting small-scale operators in an attempt to replace them with a vision of a "modern" food system, and most existing policies and resources aimed at domestic food safety in developing countries concentrate on strengthening centralized systems for food control. While investments have been made in testing laboratories, food company inspection units, and national agency capacities, these efforts primarily focus on medium and large food enterprises within the formal sector. Insufficient attention has been given to informal food operators and businesses.
The report’s authors stress that that doing more of the same will not yield safer food in the informal sector, and that a paradigm shift is required to effectively address food safety risks moving forward.
The report recommends the following key approaches:
- Local, centrally guided action: Interventions, both regulatory and facilitative, should primarily be implemented at the municipal level. National agencies can play a pivotal role in mobilizing resources, providing guidelines, and offering technical support. Multistakeholder platforms, involving consumers, communities, business associations, and government bodies, should be strengthened and utilized to drive the agenda for safer food in the informal sector.
- Multisectoral action: Enhancing the safety of food in the informal sector should be integrated with interventions focused on nutrition improvement, access to clean water and sanitation, environmental management, and urban infrastructure upgrades. Mainstreaming food safety into urban planning and municipal service delivery is essential.
- Rebalancing the use of “sticks and carrots:” Rather than strictly enforcing regulatory provisions, a gradual and continuous improvement approach should be pursued. Informal market operators should be engaged and enabled to strengthen their incentives and capacities to provide safer food. Cities and local ministries should consider employing food hygiene and business advisors to support operators instead of relying solely on regulatory inspections.
- Differentiating local strategies and priorities: A tailored approach is necessary since a "one size fits all" solution is impractical. The risk profile and potential for interventions vary among different types of informal food operators and within countries. The decentralized and multisectoral approach should be pragmatically adapted to specific circumstances, with a focus on effective coalitions for action and the sequencing or integration of interventions.
The report highlights several examples of existing initiatives, offering valuable insights into the successful application of decentralized and multisectoral approaches. The challenge is to convince funders and implementers to take these successful and affordable approaches to scale, say the authors.
The study was authored by Spencer Henson, Ph.D., professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural and Resource Economics, at the University of Guelph; Steven Jaffee, Ph.D., lecturer in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Maryland; and Shuo Wang, M.Sc., graduate student in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics at the University of Maryland.
The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food and nutritional security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for efficient, safe, and sustainable use of livestock. ILRI is a member of the CGIAR System Organization, a global research partnership for a food-secure future. CGIAR is a global research partnership that provides evidence to policy makers, innovation to partners, and new tools to harness the economic, environmental, and nutritional power of agriculture.
